1. [Publications](/index.php/publications) 2. Variable Frame Timing Affects Perception of Smoothness in First-Person Gaming # Variable Frame Timing Affects Perception of Smoothness in First-Person Gaming ![](/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/publications/klein_24.jpg?itok=vwSVtk9n) With the advent of variable refresh rate (VRR) monitor technologies, gamers experience variable frame timing (VFT) during their gameplay. Combining VRR with low-latency GPU rendering and increased display refresh rates enables smoother variation of frame presentation sequences. Here, we assess how VFT affects self-reported perceived smoothness of game play by introducing frequent but relatively small ((4−12 ms) variations in frame time around typical refresh rates (30-240 Hz). Our results demonstrate that VFT degrades the perceived smoothness of game play for large variation in frame time (12 ms) but has a diminished effect on perceived smoothness for small variations in frame time (4 ms). ## Authors Devi Klein (NVIDIA and UC Santa Barbara) [Josef Spjut](/index.php/person/josef-spjut) [Ben Boudaoud](/index.php/person/ben-boudaoud) [Joohwan Kim](/index.php/person/joohwan-kim) ## Publication Date Monday, August 5, 2024 ## Published in [IEEE Conference on Games (CoG)](https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/conhome/10645493/proceeding) ## Research Area [Applied Perception](/index.php/research-area/applied-perception) [Computer Graphics](/index.php/research-area/computer-graphics) [Esports](/index.php/research-area/esports) [Human Computer Interaction](/index.php/research-area/human-computer-interaction) [Real-Time Rendering](/index.php/research-area/real-time-rendering) [VR, AR and Display Technology](/index.php/research-area/virtual-augmented-reality) ## External Links [IEEE Xplore Article](https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/10645568) ## Uploaded Files [paper](https://d1qx31qr3h6wln.cloudfront.net/publications/IEEE_CoG_2024__Variable_Frame_Timing%20%281%29.pdf "Open file in new window")1.02 MB ## Copyright This material is posted here with permission of the IEEE. Internal or personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution must be obtained from the IEEE by writing to .